关于《砌体结构设计规范》的几点思考

在我国,多层砌体结构是应用最为广泛的结构形式之一,其设计的重要性也值得关注.GB50011 -2001《建筑抗震设计规范》给出了抗震区砌体结构的设计准则,GB 50003-2001《砌体结构设计规范》是抗震区与非抗震区砌体结构的设计指导准则,与前者相比,GB 50003-2001涵盖的非抗震区砌体结构在限制结构的高度、...     

Sub-micrometer particulate air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China

Background

While the link between particulate matter and cardiovascular mortality is well established, it is not fully investigated and understood which properties of the aerosol might be responsible for the health effects, especially in polluted mega-city areas.

Objectives

Our goal was to explore the association between daily cardiovascular mortality and different particle metrics in the sub-micrometer range in Beijing, China.

Methods

We obtained daily counts of cause-specific cardiovascular deaths in the Beijing urban area for the period March 2004 to August 2005. Concurrently, continuous measurements of particle number size distributions were performed. Particle number concentrations (NC) between 0.003 μm and 0.8 μm were converted to particle mass and surface area concentrations assuming spherical particles. Semi-parametric Poisson regression models adjusting for trend, seasonality, day of the week, and meteorology were used to estimate immediate, delayed and cumulative particle effects. Additionally, effect modification by air mass origin was investigated.

Results

We observed associations between daily cardiovascular mortality and particle NC for a 2-days delay. Moreover, nearly all particle metrics showed 2-days delayed associations with ischemic heart disease mortality. The strongest association was found for particle NC in the size range 0.03-0.1 μm (7.1% increase in daily mortality with a 95%-confidence interval of 2.9%-11.5%, per an increase of 6250 particles/cm³). Results for surface and mass concentrations with a lag of two days indicated effect modification by air mass origin, whereas effects of particle NC were not modified.

Conclusions

Results show an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality in Beijing from short-term exposure to particulate air pollution in the sub-micrometer range. Results also indicate that locally produced smaller particles and regionally transported particles may exhibit different effects in Beijing.     

建筑结构横向脉动风压谱密度函数的分析计算

从湍流理论的基本方程出发,导出了建筑结构横向湍流脉动风压谱密度函数的计算公式（非漩涡脱落引起的荷载）.据此公式计算出的结果在一定条件下与刚性模型多点测压风洞试验结果有较好的吻合性.可以由建筑物周围的平均风场分布及脉动风场分布计算这种湍流脉动风压的谱密度函数,为确定结构的横向脉动风荷载提供一定的参考依据.     

一类全系数模糊规划问题及其求解方法

模糊规划是不确定规划的重要一类,对许多带有模糊信息的实际问题都能进行有效地处理,对模糊规划的求解方法进行讨论不仅具有理论意义,还具有实际意义.为寻求一类全系数模糊规划问题的求解方法,利用三角(或梯形)模糊数的排序准则并结合禁忌搜索算法设计了一种求解系数均为三角(或梯形)模糊数的规划模型的人工智能算法.数值算例表明笔者所提方法行之有效.     

蒙特卡罗方法应用研究

介绍了蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法,即随机模拟方法,提出了任意分布随机数的产生原理及方法,并用算例说明蒙特卡罗方法的使用过程,同时用2χ拟和优度法验证了其合理性.     

城市灯控平面交叉口机动车进出口车道的平衡

叙述了城市灯控平面交叉口机动车进出口车道平衡的概念及评价指标平衡度θ。介绍了通过对交叉口进口、出口车道断面通行能力计算得到平衡度θ的计算方法。以南京市太平北路—珠江路十字形交叉口为例,通过实地勘测的参数,计算得到平衡评价指标平衡度θ,认为此交叉口进出口车道基本平衡。这种评价方法不仅可以帮助分析发现交叉口车道数设置的问题而进行改进,而且可以为新建或改建交叉口提供参考依据。     

A safety factor for LC50 values allowing for differences in sensitivity among species

A safety factor has been derived that can be applied to the mean LC₅₀ value of several test species for a particular toxic compound, for the purpose of arriving at what has been called a hazardous concentration for sensitive species. The application of this factor should provide limited protection to a certain number of species in a relevant community. The derivation is based on the assumption that the LC₅₀ values for both the test species and for the community species can be conceived of as independent random trials from a log-logistic distribution.The proposed hazardous concentration for sensitive species has been chosen such that the LC₅₀ value of the most sensitive species in a community of a certain number of species exceeds that concentration by a specified probability. It allows for the uncertainty in the mean and variance of the LC₅₀ values for the test species that is due to the number of test species being limited. It is possible to calculate the optimum number of species to be tested on basis of a cost-benefit analysis. Examples of the application are given.     

活性炭结构特征对微生物的影响

因饮用水深度处理工艺中活性炭的选择十分重要,故对比研究了6种活性炭的结构特征及其在运行过程中微生物的生长和脱落情况。利用相关性分析的方法,探讨了活性炭的结构与生物量、生物活性、出水细菌数和类大肠杆菌数等之间的关系。结果表明:①影响生物量的因素有活性炭的比表面积、总孔容和孔径<5nm的微孔容;②生物活性受到孔径为10～20nm和50～100nm的孔容影响,另外还受比表面积的影响;③出水细菌数与活性炭孔径分布有很大关系,其中受孔径为5～10nm和30～100nm的孔容影响最大;④出水类大肠杆菌数与活性炭的比表面积和孔径为5～30nm的孔容显著相关。     

基于极点对称模态分解的混合储能系统容量配置

为给微电网配置合适的储能容量以平抑网内有功功率波动,提出了一种基于极点对称模态分解(extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition,ESM D)的混合储能系统容量配置模型。基于微电网净负荷功率,利用ESM D方法分解为自适应全局均线作为微电网与电网的交换功率,以及低频和高频分量作为蓄电池和超级电容器的平抑目标;为使分解后的各个分量最优,分析了剩余极点个数对全局均线的影响,研究了临界模态的选择原则以得到合适的低频和高频分量;在此基础上,考虑储能设备的运行寿命,建立了包含年投资成本和年运行维护成本的微电网混合储能系统成本模型。仿真实例验证了所述模型的可行性和经济性。